Targeting is to make a thing or group of things a target, to select it or them to be acted upon.

in Biology
Gene targeting, in genetics
Protein targeting, is cell biology, is the mechanism by which a protein is transported to its proper destination
in Geography
Geographic targeting, in geography
Targeting in Marketing
Targeted advertising, to select a demographic or other group of people to advertise to, and create advertisements appropriately
Geo targeting, in internet marketing
Behavioral targeting
Inflation targeting, in economics
Targeting (gridiron football), a penalty
Targeting (international health), a public health intervention strategy
Targeting (politics), to determine where to spend the resources of time, money, manpower and attention when campaigning for election
Targeting (warfare), to select objects or installations to be attacked, taken, or destroyed
Targeting pod, in warfare
Targeting tower, a radio frequency antenna
Target market (Management)